计算机英语2

    arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)   算术/逻辑部件

    clock                        时钟

    control unit                   控制器，控制部件

    decode                       译码，解码

    instruction                    指令

    instruction set                 指令系统，指令集

    machine language              机器语言   

    megahertz (MHz)              兆赫

    operand                      操作数

    operation               操作、操作码、操作码指令

    processor               处理器

    register                 寄存器

    word size (word length)    字长

1.3 存储系统

  benchmark                             基准测试程序，基准[程序]，测试标准，基准

  boot                                   引导，启动，自举                              

  cache                                  高速缓冲存储器,高速缓存

  chip                                   芯片

  Compact Disk ROM (CD ROM)            只读光盘

  disk drive                              磁盘驱动器

  Dynamic RAM (DRAM)         动态随机存储器

  floppy disk (diskette)            软磁盘

  hierarchical memory             存储器层次结构

  laser storage                    激光存储器

  latency                         潜伏时间、等待时间

  magnetic disk                    磁盘

  magnetic tape                    磁带

  main memory                    主存储器

  on-chip cache                    单片高速缓存

  page frame                      页帧

  paged virtual memory             页式虚拟存储器  

  Random Access Memory (RAM)     随机（访问）存储器

  Read Only Memory (ROM)         只读存储器

  real memory (storage)            实存储器

  register file                     寄存器组

  silicon-die                      硅片

  volatile                         易失性

  write once, read many (WORM)      一次写多次读

1.4 输入输出（I/O）系统

    accumulator                       累加器

    latency                           潜伏时间、等待时间

    bandwidth                         带宽（外设与存储器的传送速率范围）

    buffering                          缓冲

    channel                           信道，通道

    code conversion                    代码转换

    coherency                         相关，相干

    coprocessor I/O                     协处理器I/O

    direct memory access(DMA)          直接存储器存取

    hard disk                          硬（磁）盘

    input/output system                  输入输出系统

    interrupt                           中断

    load                                装入，加载

    memorymapped I/O                 存储器映射I/O

    modem                             调制解调器

    multiprocessor                       多处理器

    path                                通路，路径

    pattern of bits                          位模式

    peripheral                            外围，外围设备

    programmed I/O                       程序控制I/O

    synchronization                        同步化

1.5 总线和控制器

  adapter                               适配器

  asynchronous                          异步的

  bandwidth                        （频）带宽（度）

  bus                               总线

  daisy chain                        菊花链

  decentralized                     分散式（的）

  dedicated bus                     专用总线

  distributed                       分布式（的）

  general-purpose bus                      通用总线

  peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)   外围部件互连（总线）

  polling                 轮询

  priority                优先级

  share                   共享

  synchronous             同步的

  timing                  定时，同步

1-6 JUST WHAT IS THE UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS?

adapter card                    适配器卡

broadcast quality               广播级质量

configuration                  配置

download                    下载

Fiber Channel                 光纤通道

game card                    游戏卡

high-resolution                高分辨率

hub                         集线器

image                       图像，映像，成像

information flow              信息流

intelligence                   智能

joystick                      操作杆

platform                      平台

serial port                     串行（端）口

sound card                    声卡

surround sound stereo            环绕声，立体声

telecommunication               远程通信，电信

traffic flow                     业务流

Universal Serial Bus (USB)     通用串行总线

video                       视频

video conferencing             视频会议

1.7 REDUCED  INSTRUCTION  SET COMPUTERS

   addressing                                  编址，寻址

   addressing mode                        寻址方式

   algorithm                                    算法

   branch instruction                        转移指令，分支指令

   compiler                                编译器，编译程序

   Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)    复杂指令系统计算机

   displacement                               移位

   field                                       字段

   instruction format                        指令格式

   machine cycle                               机器周期

   microcode                                  微代码，微指令

   microinstruction                            微指令

   micro-program                             微程序

   op-code                                    操作码

   pipeline                                    流水线

   reduced instruction set computer (RISC)        精简指令系统计算机

   superscalar                                超级标量

 1.8 MEASURING COMPUTER PERFORMANCE

 application environment     应用环境

 benchmark program            基准程序

 bottleneck                            瓶颈

 clock rate                             时钟频率

 computer performance       计算机性能

 execution-rate                     执行速率

 floating point                      浮点

 metric                                 尺度，指标

 millions of instructions executed per second (MIPS)     百万条指令（数）每秒

 parameter                            参量，参数

 port                                      移植，端口

 System Performance Evaluation Cooperative (SPEC)  系统性能评价合作组织

 throughput                          吞吐量

 workstation                         工作站

 measure                              度量

第二章 计算机操作系统

2.1 操作系统概述

   job management                              作业管理

   resource management                      资源管理

   job queue                                         作业队列

   input/output control system(IOCS) 输入输出控制系统

   batch system                                    批处理系统

   time-shared operating system          分时操作系统

   offline operation                              脱机操作

   real-time system                              实时系统

   buffering                     缓冲技术

   spooling system          假脱机系统

   multiprogramming      多道程序设计

2.2 WINDOWS XP 和VISTA

 dependability                          可信性、可靠性

 Dynamic Link Library (DLL)    动态链接库

 firewall                                     防火墙

 attack                                       攻击，进攻

 Encrypting File System (EFS) 加密文件系统

 hacker                                      黑客

 remote assistance                   远程援助

 task-oriented                            面向任务的

 restack                                     重新堆叠

 stack                                         栈，堆栈，堆叠

 interface                          界面，接口

 tablet PC                         平板式计算机

 notebook computer         笔记本计算机

 desktop                           桌面（计算机）

 backup                            备份，后备支援

 remote                             远程

 definition                         分辨率，清晰度

 premium                          高级，优质

 entertainment                  娱乐

 menu slide                      菜单滑块

 taskbar                            任务栏

 appearance                     外观，外部特征

 customize                       个性化

 gadget                            小工具，小器具

 system resource             系统资源

 virus                                病毒

 animation                        动画

 switcher                       切换器（程序）   

 folder                               文件夹

 navigation pane               动画窗格

 favorite                         收藏夹（页）

 filter                              筛选器

 visual                            可视的

 threat                            威胁

 digital media                 数字媒体

 Photo Gallery                照片库

 exposure                       曝光，泄露

 export                           导出，输出，引出

 clip                                剪辑

 share                            共享

 wireless network          无线网络

2.3 UNIX 和 LINUX

 UNIX                   一种计算机操作系统

 concurrently        并发地

 terminal               终端

 multi-user            多用户

 multitask              多任务

 job                       作业

 kernel                  内核

 interface                           接口

 programming language   程序设计（编程）语言

 background                     后台

 system call                      系统调用

 interpreter                        解释程序

 file                                   文件

 redirection                       重定向

 device-independent        设备无关的

 shell                       外壳（程序）、命令解释程序

 General Public License(GPL)         公用授权协议

 Linux                     以Linux命名的操作系统

 source code          源代码

 Portable Operating System UNIX(POSIX) 可移植的UNIX系统

 Gnu’s Not UNIX (GNU)     一个自由软件组织

2.4  THE MIDDLEWARE

    persistent storage                   持久储存器

    middleware                             中间件

    Application Program Interface (API)   应用程序接口

    variable-length file                   可变长文件

    relational database                  关系型数据库

    bundle                                      捆，卷，捆绑件

    host name                                主机名

  2.5  A CACHING MODEL OF OPERATING SYSTEM KERNEL FUNCTIONALITY

caching model                   高速缓存模型

micro-kernel                       微内核

monolithic                           单块（片）的

virtual memory system       虚拟存储系统

copy-on-write                      按写拷贝

domain-specific                   特定域

resource allocation              资源分配

random access                    随机访问

sequential access                  顺序访问

resource management           资源管理

failure                                     故障，失效

application module                 应用模块

server                                     服务器

active object                           活动对象

address space                        地址空间

thread                                     线程

Inter-Process Communication (IPC)     进程间通信

mapping                         映像，镜像

descriptor                       描述符

page frame                     页面帧

supervisor-level              管理层

programming interface   编程接口

emulator                         仿真器

第三章 个人计算机（PC）的使用

3.1 选择和设置PC系统

PC(Personal Computer)      个人电脑

power-hungry                       耗电的

application suite                   应用（软件）套件，应用程序集

word processor                    字处理程序

spreadsheet                         电子表格

tax preparation                     税收预处理（软件）

drawing                                 绘图（软件）

home publishing              家庭出版（软件）

reference software          参考软件

game                               游戏（软件）

platform                           平台

configuration                   配置

tower                               塔式

all-in-one                         一体化，全内置

monitor                            监视器

 peripheral device                外围设备

 fluctuation                           波动

 surge suppressor                浪涌抑制器

 port                                      端口

 expansion card                    扩展卡

 USB (Universal Serial Bus) 通用串行总线

 hub                                      集线器

 CD (Compact Disk)             光盘，激光唱盘，高密度磁盘

 customize                        定制，按指定规格制造

 setting                              设置，调整，装配

 screen saver                    屏幕保护装置（程序）

 screen resolution             屏幕分辨率

 menu                                菜单

 desktop                            桌面

 shortcut items                  快捷项

 toolbar                              工具条

 background image          背景图（映）像

 color scheme                  配色方案

 theme                             主题

 control panel                   控制面板

 quick launch toolbar       快速发送工具条

3.2 使用PC

boot                       自举，引导，启动，引导程序

standby mode        等待模式，待机模式

wear-and-tear        长时间使用之后的损耗，消耗

operating system   操作系统

utility                      实用程序，实用工具

virus                       病毒

user interface         用户接口

text-based              基于文本的

GUI (Graphical User Interface)     图形用户接口

desktop                                         桌面

icon                                               图标

taskbar                                          任务栏

dialog box                                     会话框

pull-down  (drop-down) menu      下拉式菜单

3.3 PC系统维护

system maintenance          系统维护

backup                               备份、备用、后备支援

removable hard disk           可移动硬盘

storage medium                  存储媒体

surge suppression               浪涌抑制

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)  不间断电源

CD (Compact Disk)             光盘

DVD (Digital Video Disk)    数字视频光盘

zip disk                               大容量磁盘

troubleshooting                 故障查找（诊断、排除）

diagnose                            诊断

3.4 UPGRADING PC

Upgrade                      升级，提高

RAM (Random Access Memory)  随机存储器，内存

peripheral equipment   外围设备

image scanner            图像扫描仪

color printer                 彩色打印机

motherboard                主（机）板

version                         版本

release                        （软件产品）发布，版本

bug                                 故障，错误，安全漏洞

upward compatible         向上兼容

downward compatibility  向下兼容性

cross compatibility          交叉兼容性

boldfacing                       粗（黑）体的

italicizing                         斜体的

RTF (Rich Text Format) 多功能文本格式

PDF (Portable Document Format)  可移植文档格式

HTML (Hyper-Text Markup Language)   超文本标记语言 

第四章 计算机网络

4.1 计算机网络的体系结构

 computer network               计算机网络

 network architecture           网络体系结构

 protocol                              协议

 open system interconnection reference  model (OSI/RM)    开放系统互连参考模型

 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) 传输控制协议/互联网协议

 channel                                信道

 frame                                   帧

 packet                                  分组，包

 message                                       报文，消息

 connectionless                             无连接的

 connectionoriented                  面向连接的

 user datagram protocol (UDP)    用户数据报协议

 data communication                    数据通信

 resource sharing                          资源共享

 data format                                  数据格式

 layer-based                                  分层次的

 physical medium                                   物理媒体（介质）

 International Standards Organization (ISO)       国际标准化组织

 Department Of Defense (DOD) （美国）国防部

 industrial standard                         行业标准

 transport layer                               传输层，运输层

 network layer                                网络层

 application layer                            应用层

 end-to-end                                     端对端，终点到终点

 byte stream                                    字节流

 virtual terminal                              虚拟终端

4.2 局域网（LAN）

  LAN (Local Area Network)    局域网

  client-server                             客户服务器(方式)

  peer-to-peer                             对等(方式)

  hub                                          集线器

  switch                                      交换机

  topology                                   拓扑(结构)

  star topology                            星型拓扑

  Ethernet                                   以太(局域)网

  randomly                                 随机地

  CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection)载波侦听多路访问/冲突检测

  UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)     非屏蔽双绞线

  coaxial cable                                   同轴电缆

  NIC (Network Interface Card)       网络接口卡(网卡)

  multi-port bridge                            多端口网桥

  router                                              路由器

  ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) 专用集成电路

  Gigabit Ethernet               千兆位以太网

  fiber-optic                         光纤

  FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)  光纤分布式数据接口

  ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)   异步转移(传输)模式

  WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)      无线局域网

  ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band 工业、科学和医药频段

  FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) 跳频扩频

  DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)  直序扩频

  CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)    码分多址

  MAC (Medium Access Control)                   媒体访问控制

  WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)  无线应用协议

  cell phone                                              蜂窝电话

  pager                                                      寻呼机

  wireless bridge                                      无线网桥

  leased line                                              租用线

4.3 广域网（WAN）

WAN (Wide Area Network)          广域网

packet switching network            分组交换网

priority code                                 优先级代码

source  address                           源地址

destination address